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In CKD, cardiovascular risk can be partly attributed to atherosclerotic risk factors seen in the general population, such as smoking, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The risk of cardiovascular disease is attenuated by kidney transplantation, but cardiovascular risk remains elevated compared with the general population, 1 progresses with declining transplant function 2 and is a major cause of death with a functioning graft.

suspected unexpected serious adverse reactionĬardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is most pronounced in those with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).

desphospho-undercarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein.

Improving vascular health in KTR is likely to require a multifaceted approach. In this heterogeneous cohort of prevalent KTR, vitamin K supplementation did not reduce vascular stiffness or calcification over 1 year. There was no impact of vitamin K on vascular stiffness (treatment effect −0.23 × 10 −3 mmHg −1 p = .377), vascular calcification (treatment effect −141 units p = .124), nor any other outcome measure. Baseline demographics, clinical history, and immunosuppression regimens were similar between groups.

KTRs were recruited between September 2017 and June 2018, and randomized 1:1 to vitamin K (menadiol diphosphate 5 mg n = 45) or placebo ( n = 45) thrice weekly.

The primary outcome was between-group difference in vascular stiffness (ascending aortic distensibility).

We performed a single-center, phase II, parallel-group, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (ISRCTN22012044) to test whether vitamin K supplementation reduced vascular stiffness (MRI-based aortic distensibility) or calcification (coronary artery calcium score on computed tomography) in KTR over 1 year of treatment. Vascular stiffness and calcification are markers of cardiovascular disease that are prevalent in KTR and associated with subclinical vitamin K deficiency. Premature cardiovascular disease and death with a functioning graft are leading causes of death and graft loss, respectively, in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs).

Can't detect actuator status in its plc mhj edition